This dissertation, based on an empirical study conducted in Senegal, explores the interactions between spatial justice and environmental inequalities. It examines the relationships between the social conditions of populations, the quality of their living environment, their level of access to water services, and the ways in which resources are allocated across space and time. In particular, it investigates the impact of rural water sector reforms on spatial and social disparities in access to drinking water in Senegal. It also analyzes local forms of resistance aimed at addressing these inequalities, as well as initiatives undertaken by community-based organizations to reduce territorial disparities in water access. The study area is located in the northwestern part of the country, along the Gorom-Lampsar axis in the Senegal River Delta, within the Saint-Louis region. Although access to safe drinking water is recognized as a fundamental human right, the most vulnerable populations continue to face numerous socio-economic and environmental pressures, including unequal resource distribution, uneven infrastructure provision, and the commodification of water services. The transition from community-based management to private management has not reduced spatial inequalities; rather, it has exacerbated certain challenges, particularly regarding infrastructure maintenance. While water tariffs have decreased in some regions, persistent economic difficulties and financial constraints have limited the effectiveness of these reforms. These dynamics are embedded within a broader context of accelerated globalization since the reforms of the 1990s, which were strongly influenced by international actors. The findings indicate that these reforms have failed to achieve equitable improvements in water supply services. To address these shortcomings, transferring responsibility for drinking water management to local authorities, which are more closely connected to local realities, could strengthen local ownership of water-related issues and reduce perceptions of management being driven by external private interests. Provided that local institutions are equipped with adequate financial and technical resources, such an approach could foster greater local autonomy and contribute to more equitable access to water services.